Non-perpendicular, unequal frequency non-conventional screen patterns for electronic halftone generation

ABSTRACT

A screen system used in the electro-optical reproduction of half-tone pictures in multicolor prints are generated by an algorithm which simulates a continuous tone image containing a range of gray shades from black to white or a color separation. The &#34;threshold equation&#34; is the key of the invention as it calculates a threshold gray value that is compared to the desired local image value to determine whether that particular point should be &#34;on&#34; or &#34;off&#34;. Which points (spots) are &#34;on&#34; and which are &#34;off&#34; is determined by the function that assigns a &#34;threshold&#34; value (the shade at which a pixel changes from &#34;off&#34; to &#34;on&#34;) based on a pixels &#34;x&#34; and &#34;y&#34; coordinates. The generated screen comprises columns and rows of halftone dot centers in which the columns and rows are not perpendicular to each other and the column to column spacing is not equal to the row to row spacing.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/639,962 filed Jan. 11,1991, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/582,524filed Sep. 14, 1990.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

1. Field of Invention

This invention relates to a non-conventional screen system for use in ahalftone generation method in digital image systems. A type of algorithmis used which is capable of generating novel halftone screen patternswhich can have performance advantages.

2. Background of the Art

Algorithms are needed which can provide a means of simulating acontinuous tone image containing a range of gray shades from black towhite, or color separation containing a range of densities of someappropriate colorant. The practical implementation of such an algorithmmust rely on a dot pattern defined within a fundamental halftone cell or"glyph" which is a relatively small rectangular array of points.

In the art of printing, half-tone systems have long been used torepresent pictorial subjects where tone graduation is important. Thiswas and frequently still is accomplished by the use of a photomechanicalsystem in which a fine cross-hatch screen covers the pictorial imageduring exposure at a suitable stage in the photographic process leadingto the printing plate. By this means the image is divided up into amultitude of regularly spaced very small (subliminal) dots whose sizevaries with the image density being reproduced. With the use of fullcolor printing of subjects, three or four printing plates, one for eachof the separate primary color images have to be prepared. The use ofidentical half-tone screens for each of these color separations canresult in undesirable interactive visual effects including verypronounced and objectionable Moire patterns when the several successiveprint impressions are made. These Moire effects can be reduced toimperceptible levels by crossing the screen directions with one another.In the practice of the art it has long been known that a suitable set ofscreen angles for four color printing is 45°, 0°, +15°, and -15° (Seereference to this art in Chapter 13 of "Principles of ColorReproduction", by J. A. G. Yule, John Wiley & Sons Inc. N.Y., 1967).

In the conventional half-tone system, the original continuous tonepicture is represented in the print by regularly spaced high densitydots of ink. The dots are sufficiently closely spaced that the unaidedhuman eye cannot distinguish them. The changing size of the dots givethe impression of changing tone, and by suitable control of the processthe original tones can be reproduced faithfully. With full colororiginals, suitable control of the process of making the individualhalf-tone color separations can give faithful reproductions in fullcolor. These photomechanical processes are slow and painstaking,particularly when high quality results requiring considerable manualcorrection and human judgment are involved.

The transmission of images over telegraph wires based on a process ofphotoelectric raster scanning was introduced early in the twentiethcentury. It was also applied to transmitting color images (U.S. Pat.Nos. 2,185,806; 3,413,706). The application of this technique tohalf-tone plate making by Hardy and others (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,136,340;3,190,185; 2,294,644) heralded an era of faster and more automatic platemaking and correction. Methods were developed for scanning coloredoriginals (U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,165,168; 2,253,086; 2,571,322) and treatingthe readings and output by analog devices to produce color separationssuitable for color printing plate making with a considerable saving intime.

The combination of these two techniques for the making of colorhalf-tone images was found to suffer from interactive visual effectsincluding the Moire pattern problem known earlier to photomechanicalplate makers. Wurzburg (U.S. Pat. No. 2,185,139) made color half-toneseparations by the photoelectric raster scanning devices to givedifferent equivalent screen angles for the different colors. Screenangle choice was based on the photomechanical art already existing.

In the photoelectric raster scanning systems, conversion of analoguescanning signals to digital form was found to facilitate manipulation ofthe signals by computing circuits, as in the electronic formation ofhalf-tone dot patterns (U.S. Pat. No. 3,629,496). Such methods gavecolor originals suffering from interactive visual effect such as Moirepatterns in the resulting prints. Patterns of dots of equal size butwith separation distances depending on density in the original werefound to reduce the Moire patterns (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,197,558; 3,580,995)because of the absence of repeating patterns of dots. Directionsimulation of the use in color work of four contact screens at differentscreen angles has been achieved by computing techniques coupled withfour different dot generators (U.S. Pat. No. 3,911,480). Choice of theangles used is based on earlier experience with contact screens.

A different approach has been taken to the problems presented byphotoelectric scanning methods. This involves the representation of avariable size half-tone dot by a matrix of smaller dots whose number inthe matrix is varied to provide half-tone dot size changes and thereforedensity changes. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,604,486; 4,439,789). No change ofsize or optical density of these smaller dots is involved. Only theirpresence or absence is considered. This system therefore lends itself tothe use of digital signals and their attendant high speed computingmeans. Enhanced tonal reproduction has been achieved by using a variablepixel area (the area assigned to a single matrix unit) in such matrixsystems (U.S. Pat. No. 4,084,259).

In four color printing the separations have been represented by matrixpixels in which the distribution of dots for the same density is variedfrom one separation to another. This is said to reduce Moire effects(U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,484). This technique of Moire reduction has beenexpanded by randomizing the distribution of dots in the pixel matrix(U.S. Pat. No. 4,468,706) building on earlier monochrome work (U.S. Pat.No. 3,629,496).

The randomized pixel matrix method of reducing Moire effects has beenapproached in a separate manner often termed "ordered dither". Theraster scan identifies signals corresponding to all the dot positions inthe pixel matrix but the presence or absence of a dot in thereproduction is determined by a predetermined matrix of thresholdvalues--one for each dot position in the pixel matrix (U.S. Pat. Nos.4,193,096; 4,342,051; 4,496,987).

As was reported above, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,185,139 and 3,911,480 describeraster scan methods to reduce Moire effects which generate half-tonescreen dots with different screen angles for the different colorseparations. This method has been enhanced in U.S. Pat. No. 4,419,690. Avariation to this method has been taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,443,060wherein quadratic raster meshes of adjacent dots are expanded tocontracted in their two diagonal directions. Differentexpansions/contractions are used for the different color separations.

The non-patent literature contains considerable detailed discussion ofthe application of raster scanning to half-tone image production. Thefollowing papers are representative: "Half-tone method with EdgeEnhancement and Moire Suppression", P. G. Roetling, JOSA 66, 985 (1976).In this method, detail corresponding to the spatial frequency of thehalf-tone screens is suppressed. "Random Nucleated Halftone Screen," J.P. Allebach, PS and E 22.89 (1978). These screens suppress Moire effectsby the introduction of random elements.

"An Optimum Algorithm for half-tone Generation for Displays and HardCopies," T. M. Holladay, Proc. Soc. for Information Display, 21., 185(1980). This describes electronically produced screens with differentscreen angles.

"A New Evaluation Method of Image Quality of Digital Halftone ImagesObtained by Ordered Dither Method", K. Kinoshita et al., J. ImagingTechnology, 10.181 (1984).

U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,886 approaches the problem of Moire fringes in colorhalf-tone images from the standpoint that the mathematical functionsdescribing the half-tone patterns for the individual separations shouldbe orthogonal with one another. There appears to have been no earlierdisclosure of such an approach and none of the mathematicalinvestigations in the literature suggest such an approach.

The patent describes a method of designing screen functions forraster-scan generated sets of image comprising two or more colorseparation images, which sets of generated images have reduced Moirepatterns or are free from Moire pattern problems. The method does notuse the equivalent of different screen angles for the separations nor isthe technique of ordered diether used. The half-tone dot matrixes in agiven separation are disposed at a single uniform pitch not at variablepitch as taught in some of the known art.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,084,183 (Keller et al.) discloses a method for theelectro-optical reproduction of halftone pictures in which the pictureis subdivided into surface elements having covering spots thereincorresponding to a tone value scale, wherein electronic recording datais produced from the surface elements and is stored, wherein by means ofelectro-optical scanning of a picture, signals are obtained and are usedto call up the recording data for the reproduction of the picture, theimprovement residing in that several raster screens on the picture areformed and the meshes and the angle of rotation of such raster screensare selected in such a manner that an orthogonally oriented parcelscreen having a congruent screen structure is obtained, and the parcelscreens are subdivided into smaller orthogonally oriented surfaceelements and recording data is obtained from such surface elements.

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/582,524 filed Sep. 14, 1990describes an algorithm which simulate a continuous tone image containinga range of gray shades from black to white or a color separation. The"threshold equation" is the key of the invention as it calculates athreshold gray value that is compared to the desired local image valueto determine whether that particular point should be "on" or "off".Which points (spots) are "on" and which are "off" is determined by thefunction that assigns a "threshold" value (the shade at which a pixelchanges from "off" to "on") based on a pixels "x" and "y" coordinates.The generated screen comprises columns and rows of halftone dot centers,the columns and rows are geometrically orthogonal (perpendicular), butthe row to row spacing and/or column to column spacing is not equal,either row to row, column to column, or row to column.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention describes non-conventional screen systems provided by amethod of general halftone generation using an algorithm which iscapable of generating conventional halftone screen patterns as well asnovel patterns which may have performance advantages in some situations.Halftone patterns are made up of "rows" and "columns" of dots wheretraditional patterns keep the rows and columns perpendicular to oneanother and with equal spatial dot densities ("dots per unit length")along the corresponding directions. The algorithm in this invention isbased on direct modification of the "x" and "y" frequency components ofhalftone dot patterns, is very flexible in allowing independentadjustment of the row and column directions and while these angles arestill restricted to those with rational tangents they need not beperpendicular, and also allows unequal densities along those directions.The halftone dot centers of this invention do not necessarily have to belocated at the intersections of integral numbers of pixels.

This algorithm (originally disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 07/582,524provides a means of simulating a continuous tone image containing arange of gray shades from black to white, or a color separationcontaining a range of densities of some appropriate colorant on aprinting engine capable of only bilevel control of density at discretepoints in a Cartesian grid that is typically addressed by scanning in araster fashion. The heart of the process begins with the givencoordinates of any addressable point on the page, calculates a thresholdgray value that is compared to the desired local image value todetermine whether that particular point should be "on" (by placing afull-density mark on the page at that location) or "off". Which points(spots) are "on" and which are "off" is determined by the function thatassigns a "threshold" value (the shade at which a pixel changes from"off" to "on") based on a pixels "x" and "y" coordinates.

The algorithm used in this invention provides a basis for halftone dotgeneration in a variety of styles using a fairly simple function whichcould be adapted to implementation in several Raster Image Processor(RIP) architectures. While capable of generating several halftonepatterns currently used in the art, an advantage of this invention isthe ability to produce new halftone patterns which have improvedperformance.

The algorithm in this invention is very flexible in allowing independentadjustment of the row and column directions (which need not beperpendicular), and unequal densities along those directions. As oneparticular special case, the algorithm allows implementation of thehalftone patterns described in the 3M patent: "Optimal Color HalftonePatterns for Raster-scan Images" (U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,886). Thealgorithm in this invention also contains a parameter to set the"eccentricity" of dots to produce patterns with "elliptical" dots thatwill "link" or "chain" along one direction (row or column) before theother to minimize the "optical jump" in midtone shades.

This invention offers an algorithm technique and is capable ofimplementation into standard PostScript-compatible printers, without theneed for specialized halftone generation hardware.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Pixel: An abbreviation for "Picture-Element". A photographic image iscontinuous spatially and tonally. Once "digitized" the image isquantized tonally into discrete gray levels, and spatially into discrete"pixels". A "pixel" is related only to the sampling of the originalimage, it does not necessarily have any fixed relationship to "Dots" or"Spots" or "Points" in a printer or display device.

Point: A mathematical construct. A "point" is simply a location in space(in a two-dimensional plane here since we are talking about images)described by a pair of coordinates. Printer "resolution" is typicallyspecified in "dpi" (dots per inch), but this number is really just theaddressability of the printer (i.e., the "Points per inch" in the x andy directions the printer can address). True printer resolution dependsnot only on its addressability, but on the size of printed dots placedat those addressable points in an image.

Spot: A "point" that has been turned "on" or "imaged" by printing asmall black disk (typically) at the "point" coordinates on a page. Aprinter's addressability might be specified in "spots per inch", but itstrue resolution is more properly given in "resolvable spots per inch"(which might be considerably less if the imaged "spot" size (diameter)is much greater that the addressability (distance to the nextaddressable "point").

Dot: A "Halftone Dot: made up of a multiplicity of "points" or "spots".The "dot" is not a fixed size or number of spots/points but changes as afunction of gray shade to be simulated.

Halftone Cell: An array of points that is used to control the geometricarrangement and relative numbers of "on" ("black") and "off" ("white")"spots" in a halftone image. A halftone cell can be thought of as asmall, usually square matrix of threshold values that are compared tosome local pixel shade to determine which "spots" within the "cell" are"on" and which are "off" for a particular shade representation. For a"cell" made up of n×n "elements" (or "spots" or "Points"), there will ben² +1 shades that may be represented (from "black"=all spots on, to"white"=all spots off, inclusive).

Glyph: A full halftone pattern would then consist of n² +1 bitmaprepresentations of the cell with an individual representation called a"glyph". The "glyphs" increase the speed of the halftoning process byprecomputing the patterns of "on" and "off" spots within a "cell" forall possible shades.

Orthogonal or geometrically orthogonal: This means perpendicular, bothmathematically and geometrically.

Depending on the final scale of the halftone image and the number ofpixels in its digitized representation, individual pixels may correspondto entire "glyphs" or multiple glyphs, or each glyph may be subdividedso that only a portion of an appropriate glyph for the local pixel shadeis used in that region of the image bitmap.

In any case, the portions of subdivided glyphs, or combinations ofmultiple glyphs are arranged so that the underlying threshold valuescorrespond to a uniform edge-to-edge tiling of the original halftonecell over the entire image area.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1a-4d show fundamental half-tone cells used in a multicolorprinting process.

FIGS. 5a-9h show dot patterns used in multicolor printing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The algorithm described in U.S. Ser. No. 07/582,524 [Sep. 14, 1990]provides a means of simulating a continuous tone image containing arange of gray shades from black to white, or a color separationcontaining a range of densities of some appropriate colorant on aprinting engine capable of only bilevel control of density at discretepoints in a Cartesian grid that is typically addressed by scanning in araster fashion. The heart of the process is a "threshold equation" that,given the coordinates of any addressable point on the page, calculates athreshold gray value that is compared to the desired local image valueto determine whether that particular point should be "on" (by placing afull-density mark on the page at that location) or "off".

The end result of this invention is a non-conventional screen systemproduced by that algorithm which are patterns better suited to thenature of raster-scan devices, and which patterns can be optimized forparticular printers or specific images. While capable of reproducinghalftone screens currently used in the art, this algorithm is notlimited to patterns that rely on simple rotation of conventionalscreens. The algorithm of the present invention can be used in manyvarious raster scanned or laser addressed imaging systems to improveimage quality. This invention describes one of those non-conventionalpatterns. The image information is first accessed, either from storedinformation or direct reading from a reader. The accessed information isthen reviewed by the algorithm so that improved image pattern data isobtained. This improved image pattern data is then used to drive aprinting engine, e.g., a laser printer, laser imager (for full colorsilver halide images as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,619,892), e-beam images, etc.Either developable (e.g., latent silver halide or latent electrostatic)images may be generated or actual direct visible images (leuco dyebleach, dye bleach, direct print out) may be created.

The invention is a process for automatically generating halftone dotimages, or "glyphs", which are particular arrangements of white andblack spots in a square n×n array of bilevel spots, simulating variousintermediate shades. Which pixels are "on" and which are "off" for aparticular shade is determined by the function that assigns a"threshold" value based on spots x and y coordinates.

The particular threshold equation described here produces a finalbilevel, halftone image made up of an array of "dots" (clusters of "on"or black points) of varying size as in a conventional halftone process,but with a unique and very flexible means of controlling the orientationand spacing of the "rows" and "columns" of dots making up the image. Thegreat variety of halftone dot patterns that may be generated by thisequation has particular application in color printing where the varioushalftone color separations are reproduced with a mixture of patterns inan effort to minimize moire effects and color changes due toregistration errors in the printing process.

A practical implementation of this algorithm relies on a dot patterndefined within a fundamental halftone cell or "family of glyphs" whichis a relatively small rectangular array of points addressable by araster scan printing engine (e.g., a laser scanner, ink jet printer,thermal printer, or other printer or imaging device that forms an imageby controlling the densities of discrete points in a Cartesian grid).The threshold equation is used to assign a gray value to eachaddressable point in the fundamental halftone cell and a full set ofglyphs for a particular pattern is created by finding all the "on"points within the cell for varying levels of gray.

The threshold equation produces patterns that have multiple dots percell arranged in "rows" and "columns" oriented and spaced to form aproper continuation of the pattern as a half-tone image is formed bytiling appropriate glyphs edge-to-edge.

A typical halftone fundamental cell will be a small square array ofaddressable points where the "x" and "y" coordinates of the pointswithin the cell are scaled so that the cell itself extends from -1 to 1in both the "x" and "y" directions.

The points within the fundamental cell are ranked to determine the orderin which spots at those locations change from "off" to "on" as shadevalues vary from white to black according to their "x" and "y"coordinates through the threshold equation:

    Threshold(x,y)=Comb(Row.sub.-- fn(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y),Col.sub.-- fn(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y))

The "Comb()" function is some rule for combining the inner "Row₋₋ fn()"and "Col₋₋ fn()" functions such as summation, multiplication, orcomparison (taking the maximum or minimum of the two). The "Row₋₋ fn( )"and "Col₋₋ fn()" functions are periodic functions with period [-1,1]matching that of the fundamental halftone cell. The arguments to the"Row₋₋ fn()" and "Col₋₋ fn()" functions, (A_(x) *x+A_(y) *y) and (B_(x)*x+B_(y) *y), respectively, determine how the "rows" and "columns" ofhalftone dots are arranged within the cell.

The basic geometry of the "Threshold (x, y)" equation applied to rasterpoints within the fundamental halftone cell is a sinusoidal modulationof threshold values along "rows" and "columns" that are defined in termsof their spatial frequency components in the x and y directions. Forexample, if the parameters Bx and By are both zero, there will be only a"row-wise" modulation of threshold values producing halftone patternsthat shade by means of parallel lines of varying thickness.

The slope of the lines will be given by A_(x) /A_(y) with a path fromx=-1 to x=1 (holding y=0) intersecting A_(x) halftone pattern lines, anda path from y=-1 to y=1 (holding x=0) intersecting A_(y) halftonepattern lines. In FIG. 1 below, the shade value is a 50% gray; half ofthe addressable points within the halftone cell are "on" (black) andhalf are "off" (white). In the fundamental halftone cell of 1a), A_(x)=2, A_(y) =1, B_(x) =0, B_(y) =0. In the fundamental halftone cell of1c), A_(x) =3, A_(y) =2, B_(x) =0, B_(y) =0.

Similar patterns may be produced by setting A_(x) and A_(y) equal tozero, varying just B_(x) and B_(y) (patterns with only "columns"), or bykeeping A_(x) =B_(x) and A_(y) =B_(y) ("rows" and "columns" coincident).

More interesting patterns are those that have intersecting "rows" and"columns" producing separated dots within the halftone cell. In thiscase, the number of dots per cell is given by:

    dots per cell=|A.sub.x *B.sub.y -A.sub.y *B.sub.x |

For example, in FIGS. 2a and 2b, the fundamental halftone cell is A_(x)=3, A_(y) =1, B_(x) =1, B_(y) =-2.

The dots per cell for this example is 7 (6 "inside" the cell and one atthe corners). The same equation holds for all cases though in theprevious "row-only" or "column-only" line patterns the result willalways be zero "dots per cell" as there are no separated "dots".

The basic threshold equation is very flexible allowing completely newand unique dot patterns to be generated. It can also be used to simulateprior art halftone patterns by imposing certain restrictions on therelationships of the parameters A_(x), A_(y), B_(x), and B_(y). Forexample, the halftone screens described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,084,183(approximating a traditional halftone screen where the rows and columnsof dots have the same dot density, are perpendicular, but are rotatedwith respect to the Cartesian grid of addressable points by an anglewith a rational tangent) may be produced by restricting A_(x) =B_(y) andA_(y) =-B_(x) (or equivalently, A_(x) =-B_(y) and A_(y) =B_(x)). Thisrestriction forces the slope of the rows to be the negative reciprocalof the column slope (ensuring orthogonality), and results in the samedot density along the rows and along the columns, as in FIGS. 3a) and3b):

In FIG. 3, the fundamental halftone cell is A_(x) =-2, A_(y) =1, B_(x)=1, B_(y) =2.

Two advantages this method has over that shown in U.S. Pat. No.4,084,183 is that the fundamental halftone cell can be made larger(containing more addressable points, thus allowing more shades of grayto be simulated) while maintaining the same effective dot pitch ordensity since cells with multiple dots are produced, and the fact thatthe centers of gravity of neighboring dots do not necessarily have to beseparated by integral numbers of "rise" and "run" addressable points (anadded degree of freedom in these "conventional" patterns).

Another prior art class of halftone patterns is that described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,758,886. Here the emphasis is on mixtures of halftonepatterns for color printing that are spatially decoupled through variouscombinations of spatial frequencies within the dot patterns rather thanrelying on the more traditional method of screens rotated at specificangles. Halftone patterns for various colors may be placed at the sameangle (in particular 0° which is particularly well suited to raster scandevices), but with different dot spatial densities in the x and ydirections to vary the dot overlap between colors and minimizesensitivity to color-to-color registration. These patterns may beproduced by this threshold equation by setting A_(y) =0 and B_(x) =0 sothat the rows and columns of dots are strictly horizontal (along the xaxis) and vertical (along the y axis).

As shown in FIG. 4, the fundamental halftone cells of 4a) and 4b) areA_(x) =1, A_(y) =0, B_(x) =0, B_(y) =2 and A_(x) =3, A_(y) =0, B_(x) =0,B_(y) =2, respectively.

An alternate pattern described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,084,183 produces afamiliar "checkerboard" dot arrangement, but with different frequenciesin the x and y directions. These patterns are produced by restrictingA_(x) =B_(x) and A_(y) =-B_(y) (or equivalently, A_(x) =-B_(x) and A_(y)=B_(y)). Here in FIG. 5, the slope of the rows of dots is always thenegative of the column slope.

In FIG. 5a the fundamental halftone cell is A_(x) =1, A_(y) =2, B_(x)=1, B_(y) =-2.

In FIG. 5c) the fundamental halftone cell is A_(x) =3, A_(y) =2, B_(x)=3, B_(y) =-2.

The glyph tiling process that generates a full halftone image need notnecessarily assign a complete glyph (full fundamental halftone cell) toeach pixel (discrete sample of a continuous tone image). Depending onthe resolution (number of discrete pixel samples) of the continuous toneimage, the mapping of halftone glyphs to the final bilevel image mayrequire multiple glyphs per pixel, or if enough continuous tone imagepixels are available, the glyphs themselves may be subdivided for amultiple pixel per glyph mapping.

A typical halftone fundamental cell will be a small square array ofaddressable points where the x and y coordinates of the points withinthe cell are scaled so that the cell itself extends from -1 to 1 in boththe x and y directions. The points within the fundamental cell areranked to determine the order in which spots at those locations changefrom "off" to "on" as shade values vary from white to black according totheir "x" and "y" coordinates through the threshold equation:

    Threshold(x,y)=Comb(Row.sub.-- fn(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y), Col.sub.-- fn(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y))

The "Comb()" function is some rule for combining the inner "Row₋₋ fn()"and "Col₋₋ fn()" functions such as summation, multiplication, orcomparison (taking the maximum or minimum of the two). The "Row₋₋ fn( )"and "Col₋₋ fn()" functions are periodic functions with period [-1,1]matching that of the fundamental halftone cell. The arguments to the"Row₋₋ fn()" and "Col₋₋ fn()" functions, (A_(x) *x+A_(y) *y) and (B_(x)*x+B_(y) *y), respectively, determine how the "rows" and "columns" ofhalftone dots are arranged within the cell. An example thresholdfunction using the well-known cosine function is:

    Threshold(x,y)=Ecc* cos (π*(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y))+cos(π*(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y))

where the arguments to the cosine functions have been scaled by π tomake the function's period match the [-1,1] cell size.

The "A_(x) " and =37 A_(y) " parameters determine the "x" and "y"spatial frequency components (respectively) of the "rows" of halftonedots, and the "B_(x) " and "B_(y) " parameters determine the "x" and "y"spatial frequency components (respectively) of the "columns" of halftonedots (spatial frequencies here being given in terms of "cycles percell").

The combining function in this case is simple summation with the "Ecc"scale factor determining the influence of the "Row₋₋ fn()" contributionrelative to the "Col₋₋ fn()". "Ecc" is normally equal to 1.0, but if setto a value slightly greater or less that 1.0, the dot shapes will bedistorted, causing a "linking" or "chaining" of the dots along the "row"or "column" direction for midtone shades, minimizing the "optical jump"that is sometimes seen as an abrupt change in density at the 50% dotwhere the transition from separated "dots" to separated "holes" occurs.

The threshold equation requires a periodic function similar to the wellknown cosine function, but with a fundamental period from -1 to 1(matching the range of coordinates within the fundamental halftonecell).

The cosine function itself with a period of 2π (which can be taken asthe interval [-π, π]) could be used if its arguments are scaled by amultiplication by π, but a preferred implementation uses a simplequadratic function, "para(x)" which approximates the cosine function andhas a natural fundamental period in the interval [-1, 1]. This is mucheasier to calculate in practice and can be defined as a splicing ofsimple parabolic sections as: ##EQU1##

Once the periodic "para(x)" function has been defined, the thresholdequation can be given by:

    Threshold(x,y)=Ecc*para(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y)+para(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y)

The parameter "Ecc" controls the eccentricity of dots ("Ecc" not equalto 1.0 generates elliptical dots), the parameters A_(x) and A_(y)control the slope (given by A_(x) /A_(y) since the "A" and "B"parameters are in units of reciprocal length ["cycles per cell"]) andspacing of "rows" of dots (there will be A_(x) "rows" of dots in the xinterval [-1,1], and A_(y) "rows" of dots in the y interval [-1,1]), andthe parameters B_(x) and B_(y) similarly control the slope and spacingof "columns" of dots. The "Ecc" parameter is a real number (usuallyclose to 1.0), but the parameters A_(x), A_(y), B_(x) and B_(y) must beintegers for proper matching of the dot patterns from glyph to glyph.This restricts the effective angles of the "rows" and "columns" to thosewith rational tangents, but they need not bear any special relationshipto the actual number of addressable points within the fundamentalhalftone cell. More importantly, the "rows" and "columns" need not beperpendicular to one another and they need not have the same spatialfrequency.

The Threshold Equation for Modifying the Dot Shape:

    Threshold(x,y)=Ecc*para(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y)+para(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y)

with the "Ecc" parameter set equal to 1.0 produces halftone patternswhere the dots progress from small circular or elliptical disks(depending on the relative x and y spatial frequency components) in thehighlight shades to parallelograms with all four vertices touchingneighboring dots at the 50% gray midtone to small circular or ellipticalholes in the dark shadow tones. Changing "Ecc" to values different from1.0 will slightly distort the dot shapes causing the midtone dots tojoin or chain in the "row" (if Ecc>1.0) or "column" (if Ecc<1.0)direction. The following examples in FIG. 6 all use the same patternparameters:

    A.sub.x =3,A.sub.y =1, B.sub.x =1, B.sub.y =-2.

In 6a) Ecc is 1.0, in 6b) Ecc is 1.25, and in 6c) Ecc is 0.75.

Another way to modify the dot shape is to replace the "para(x)" functionin the threshold equation by another periodic function. The "tri(x)"function defined below produces dots that maintain a parallelogram shapefrom bright highlight to dark shadow tones and still exhibit the "Ecc"controlled distortion that allows chaining along rows or columns.##EQU2##

Redefining the threshold function as:

    Threshold(x,y)=Ecc*tri(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y)+tri(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y)

the previous dot patterns become those of FIG. 7a), b) and c), withcorresponding value of Ecc is 6a) and 7a), 6b) and 7b), and 6c) and 7c).

Yet another method to change the shapes of halftone dots is to modifythe threshold equation so that instead of taking the sum of the "row"and "column" "tri(x)" functions we compare the two terms and take theirmaximum or minimum. This leads to dot patterns that have a intaglio-likeappearance where the parallelogram shaped dots do not join at theirvertices in the midtones, but are oriented so that they are separated byparallel lines of varying thickness.

Redefining the threshold equation as

    Threshold(x,y)=Maximum(tri(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y), tri(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y))

with the same A_(x), A_(y), B_(x), and B_(y), parameters as beforeproduces the patterns of FIG. 8a):

Or, by taking Threshold(x,y)=Minimum(tri(A_(x) *x+A_(y) *y), tri(B_(x)*x+B_(y) *y)) we obtain the pattern of FIG. 8b):

PostScript™ is an accepted industry standard page description languagecapable of integrating text, line art, and (continuous tone, sampled)images in a single document. Depending on the characteristics of theparticular printer, continuous tone image data is typically converted toa halftone representation for hardcopy output. The PostScript™ halftonemechanism is flexible enough to allow this halftone pattern generationalgorithm to be implemented in a standard PostScript™ printer (e.g., theApple LaserWriter, Linotype Linotronic Lasersetter, etc.) withouthardware modifications. Through appropriate choice of the parametersA_(x), A_(y), B_(x), and B_(y), the printed output of halftone imagescan be greatly improved, particularly in the case of color images.

The "para(x)" and "tri(x)" functions can be defined in PostScript by

    ______________________________________                                        /para{                                                                        0.007 add abs 2 div dup truncate sub 2 mul 1 exch sub abs                             dup 0.5 It { dup mul 0.25 sub }                                                   { 1 sub dup mul 0.25 exch sub } ifelse                            } def                                                                         /tri{                                                                         0.007 add abs 2 div dup truncate sub 2 mul 1 exch sub abs                             0.5 mul 0.25 sub                                                      } def                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

These functions expect the argument "x" to be the top element on theoperand stack and return the appropriate function value, "para(x)" or"tri(x)", in its place.

Note that in both cases an additive offset (0.007 in these examples, butcould be any small number) is used to remove the absolute symmetry ofthe functions. Since the halftone patterns produced have multiple dotsper cell, the slight asymmetry helps avoid redundant threshold valuesand promotes more homogeneous growth among the dots in a halftone cell.

The PostScript halftone cell is defined as having its center at theorigin of an x,y coordinate system with corners at ±1 in x and y. Sincethe cell dimensions match the periodicity of the "para(x)" and "tri(x)"functions, these offsets will not otherwise affect the final halftonepattern appearance.

The original function "Threshold (x,y)" is defined in PostScript by

    ______________________________________                                        /threshold{                                                                   2 copy mul 0 It {0.001}{-0.001} ifelse 3 1 roll                               0.003 add exch 2 copy Ax mul exch Ay mul add para                             Ecc mul                                                                       3 1 roll Bx mul exch By mul add para add                                      } def                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

The "threshold" function expects the x and y arguments to be the top twoelements on the operand stack (which are removed in the calculation) andreturns a single threshold value as the top element. An additive offsetof 0.001 is added to or substracted from the threshold value computeddepending on whether the original x and y arguments represented a pointin an even or odd quadrant of the coordinate plane and an additionaladditive offset of 0.003 is applied to the y argument only (again, tointentionally reduce symmetry and promote more homogeneous dots withinthe multiple dot per cell pattern). The "para" function in the aboveexample is simply reduced by "tri" to alter the dot shape as describedearlier. The parameters Ax, Ay, Bx, By, and Ecc are PostScript variableswhich are set to the desired values by (for example):

    /Ax 3 def /Ay 1 def /Bx 1 def /By -2 def /Ecc 1.0 def

One other parameter must be set and that is the "pitch" of thefundamental halftone cell (cells per linear inch in the printer devicespace). The effective halftone pattern pitch, since this algorithmproduces patterns with multiple dots per cell, will be the product ofthis "cell pitch" with the square root of the number of dots per cell(given by Ax*By-Ay*Bx ). The dots per cell for the above exampleparameter values is seven. If the cell pitch is set to 30 per inch (forexample) with

    /pitch 30 def

the effective halftone pitch will be 30*√7≈79.3725. After setting theparameters to their desired value, a halftone screen is "set" with thePostScript statement:

    pitch 0 {threshold} setscreen

The second parameter "0" refers to the rotation angle of the fundamentalhalftone cell. Since the orientations of the rows and columns of dotsare specified within the fundamental halftone cell, no rotation of thecell itself is required.

The intaglio-like dot patterns (where the parallelogram shaped dots donot join at their vertices in the midtones, but are separated byparallel lines of varying thickness) may be produced by modifying thethreshold function to take the maximum of the row and column "tri(x)"functions:

    ______________________________________                                        /threshold {                                                                  2 copy mul 0 It {0.001}{-0.001} ifelse 3 1 roll                               0.003 add exch 2 copy Ax mul exch Ay mul add tri                              3 1 roll Bx mul exch By mul add tri                                           2 copy It {pop}{exch pop} ifelse add                                          } def                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

Since the dots do not join at their vertices at middle gray shades forthese patterns, there is no need for the eccentricity parameter "Ecc".The above threshold function produces patterns with "black" ("on") dotsseparated by "white" ("off") lines. The reverse effect (white dotsseparated by black lines) can be produced by taking the minimum ratherthan the maximum of the row and column "tri(x)" functions:

    ______________________________________                                        /threshold {                                                                  2 copy mul 0 It {0.001}{-0.001} ifelse 3 1 roll                               0.003 add exch 2 copy Ax mul exch Ay mul add tri                              3 1 roll Bx mul exch By mul add tri                                           2 copy gt {pop}{exch pop} ifelse add                                          } def                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

The only change here being a final "greater than" ("gt") test ratherthan "less than" ("It").

In all cases, if a fixed pattern is desired (i.e., for monochromeprinting where only one halftone pattern is required), the variables Ax,Ay, etc. in the threshold function definitions may be replaced byliteral numeric constants.

The use within a Matchprint™ proof made from separation negativesexposed on a Linotype Linotronic 300 R Lasersetter at a resolution of2540 dpi. The cell pitch for all colors was 2540/48=52.9167 (48×48 pixelhalftone cell) with a "cell angle" of 0°.

The black separation used A_(x) =2, A_(y) =2, B_(x) =2, B_(y) =-2 (abasic 45° pattern). The dots per cell (from |A_(x) ·B_(y) -A_(y) ·B_(x)|) is 8 giving an effective pitch of 52.9167·√8≈149.67 (close to astandard 150 line screen).

The cyan separation used A_(x) =1, A_(y) =3, B_(x) =3, B_(y) =-1 (a"skewed" pattern with non-perpendicular "rows" and "columns" of dots.SEE top halftone pattern on PAGE 9 of DIAC RI 24.) The dots per cell is8 giving the same effective pitch of about 149.67.

The magenta pattern is the mirror image of the cyan with A_(x) =-1,A_(y) =3, B_(x) =3, B_(y) =-1. Again dots/cell=8 with the same 149.67effective pitch.

The yellow pattern used A_(x) =0, A_(y) =3, B_(x) =3, B_(y) =0 (a basic0° pattern). The dots per cell in this case is 9 giving a slightlydifferent effective pitch of 52.9167·√9=158.75 (but the appearance ofthe color texture or rosette is primarily determined by the more visibleblack, cyan, and magenta dot patterns).

The image produced from this data exhibits an unconventional rosette,but its appearance is not objectionable and the overall 45° textureorientation helps reduce its visibility. An added feature of thesepatterns is a reduced sensitivity to registration errors among thevarious separations (a fundamental claim in the cited U.S. Pat. No.4,758,886).

The primary advantage of this halftone pattern generation algorithm isthe ability to independently specify the orientation of and dotfrequencies along "rows" and "columns" of halftone dots within a simple,non-rotated square cell of addressable raster points. The algorithm doesnot require the number of dots to be related to the size (in addressableraster points) of the fundamental cell. While patterns based onrelatively small cells may appear less noisy if the dot frequency bearssome specific harmonic relationship to the addressable points per cell,patterns with many points per dot can be generated without restrictions.This flexibility allows selection of halftone screens for color printingto be made from a much broader range of patterns. Screens may be chosento optimize performance with specific hardware as well as improvecharacteristics such as insensitivity to color-to-color registrationerrors.

The fact that the patterns are defined within a square, non-rotatedfundamental cell can greatly simplify the hardware required to implementthe algorithm in a halftone RIP (Raster Image Processor).

The fact that the patterns have multiple dots per cell is an advantagewhen printing a large range of gray shades on a relatively lowresolution printer. For example: setting A_(x) =2, A_(y) =2, B_(x) =2,and B_(y) =-2 with a cell pitch of 30/inch will produce the sameeffective dot density as a pattern using A_(x) =1, A_(y) =1, B_(x) =1,and B_(y) =-1 with a cell pitch of 60/inch, but with four times as manyshades since this depends on the number of addressable points in thefundamental halftone cell which has four times the area when the cellpitch is halved. The penalty for this added dynamic range is a smallincrease in noise (since all the dots within the cell cannot beidentical for all shades of gray). The offsets used in the examples of aPostScript implementation of the algorithm are important inintentionally reducing the symmetry of the threshold matrix, introducinga dither mechanism among the dots in a cell to promote their homogeneousgrowth.

The fact that the algorithm is easily implemented on unmodifiedPostScript printers gives it immediate application in improving theoutput from a large number of existing printers.

In formulating halftone multicolor images, whether final printed imagesor proof images, it has been traditional or required to form separateimages for each of the colors in the three (cyan, magenta, yellow), four(cyan, magenta, yellow, and black), or more colors used to form theimage. Separate printing plates are used to lay down each separate colorand separate masters (negatives or positives) are used to expose eachplate. These separate masters are referred to as separationtransparencies, or separation screens, or partial screens in the art. Ascreen system usually refers to a number of these partial screens whoseinformation content adds up to the information needed for a completefinal image (which may be a final proofing image). Where a single colorprint is made, a partial screen is a screen system.

In the present invention, a screen system is described having at leastone partial screen in which halftone dot centers along columns and rowswhich are not orthogonal (geometrically and mathematicallyperpendicular) and the row-to-row spacing is not equal to thecolumn-to-column spacing.

In terms of the coefficient relationships, this requires

    A.sub.x *B.sub.x ≠A.sub.y *B.sub.y                   (non-perpendicular)

    and

    A.sub.x.sup.2 +A.sub.y.sup.2 ≠B.sub.x.sup.2 +B.sub.y.sup.2(unequal frequencies)

A full system of halftone screens for color printing may have allpartial screens members of a single class, though typically there willbe a mixture of classes among the various color separations to improvethe net color texture and reduce sensitivity to color misregistration.In particular, a single color might use a "rational screen" incombination with other unconventional screens.

The example uses the threshold function:

    Threshold(x,y)=Comb(Row.sub.-- fn(A.sub.x *x+A.sub.y *y), Col.sub.-- fn(B.sub.x *x+B.sub.y *y))

In the specific Postscript™ implementation shown directly above, twoperiodic functions are defined:

    ______________________________________                                        /para{                                                                              0.007 add abs 2 div dup truncate sub 2 mul 1 exch sub abs                     dup 0.5 It { dup mul 0.25 sub }                                               { 1 sub dup mul 0.25 exch sub } ifelse                                  } def                                                                         /tri{                                                                               0.007 add abs 2 div dup truncate sub 2 mul 1 esch sub abs                     0.5 mul 0.25 sub                                                        } def                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

And the threshold function becomes

    ______________________________________                                        /threshold{                                                                           2 copy mul 0 It {0.001}{-0.001} ifelse 3 1 roll                               0.003 add exch 2 copy Ax mul exch Ay mul add para                             Ecc mul                                                                       3 1 roll Bx mul exch By mul add para add                              } def                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

(where the "para" function is replaced by "tri" to alter the dot shapefrom rounded to consistently diamond-shaped). Another version of thethreshold function combines the "row" and "column" periodic functions bycomparison rather than summation (as above) this altered form is:

    ______________________________________                                        /threshold{                                                                           2 copy mul 0 It {0.001}{-0.001} ifelse 3 1 roll                               0.003 add exch 2 copy Ax mul exch Ay mul ad tri                               3 1 roll Bx mul exch By mul add tri                                           2 copy It {pop}{exch pop} ifelse add                                  }def                                                                          ______________________________________                                    

The specific example given here matches the illustration to which theyare represented, but are printed as full black-to-white shade ranges toshow dot shape transitions. This is particularly important when the"Ecc" (eccentricity) parameter is varied to cause dots to link in agiven direction, or when the "tri" periodic function is substituted forthe "para" in the threshold function to produce consistently"diamond-shaped" dots. The various controls over dot shape (as opposedto dot center position which is determined by the four parameters A_(x),A_(y), B_(x), and B_(y)) are illustrated for several different dotshapes.

According to the present invention, a class of halftone patterns wouldbe those patterns where the rows and columns are not perpendicular andthe row-to-row spacing does not equal the column-to-column spacing. Interms of the coefficient relationships, this requires

    A.sub.x *B.sub.x ≠-A.sub.y *B.sub.y                  (non-perpendicular)

    and

    A.sub.x.sup.2 +A.sub.y.sup.2 ≠B.sub.x.sup.2 +B.sub.y.sup.2(unequal frequencies)

FIG. 9 shows examples of "non-perpendicular, unequal frequency" halftonepatterns showing dot shape modifications (in all cases A_(x) =1, A_(y)=2, B_(x) =3, B_(y) =-1)

a) Combining "para" row and column functions by summation witheccentricity parameter=1.0 for "normal" (rounded) dots.

b) Combining "para" row and column functions by summation witheccentricity parameter-1.2 for "row linked" (rounded) dots.

c) Combining "para" row and column functions by summation witheccentricity parameter=0.8 for "column-linked" (rounded) dots.

d) Combining "tri" row and column functions by summation witheccentricity parameter=1.0 for "normal" (diamond-shaped) dots.

e) Combining "tri" row and column functions by summation witheccentricity parameter=1.2 for "row-linked" (diamond-shaped) dots.

f) Combining "tri" row and column functions by summation witheccentricity parameter=0.8 for "column-linked" (diamond-shaped) dots.

g) Combining "tri" row and column functions by comparison (takingmaximum of row and column functions) for "intaglio-shaped" dots. h)Combining "tri" row and column functions by comparison (taking minimumof row and column functions) for "inverse intaglio-shaped" dots.

A full system of halftone screens for color printing may have allpartial screens members of a single class, though typically there willbe a mixture of classes among the various color separations to improvethe net color texture and reduce sensitivity to color misregistration.In particular a single color might use a "rational screen" incombination with other unconventional screens.

A specific example (shown in FIG. 4) uses A_(x) =1, A_(y) =2, B_(x) =3and B_(y) =-1.

This pattern is printed as a "normal" version ("para" used to generaterounded dots, "Ecc" set to 1.0 for no dot linking), with linked dots intwo different directions (Ecc=1.2 and Ecc=0.8), replacing the "para"function with "tri" (to produce consistently diamond-shaped dots), againvarying "Ecc", and changing the mode of combining the "row" and "column"functions in the threshold function from summation to comparison(simulating an intaglio dot shape where the dots do not join at theirvertices, but remain separated by parallel lines of varying width.)

I claim:
 1. A screen system for use in connection with the reproductionof half-tone pictures in a multicolor print comprisinga) at least twopartial screens, each screen corresponding to one printing color; b)each partial screen being defined by columns and rows of dots defined byclusters of points, said dots defining printing dots for tone values ofsaid multicolor print, wherein a plurality of said dots have centersthat do not lie directly on addressable points within the half-tone cellarray; c) at least one of said partial screens having columns and rowsthat are not geometrically orthogonal and in which the row to rowspacing is not equal in size to the column to column spacing.
 2. Thescreen systems of claim 1 in which said at least two partial screens areangularly spaced apart with respect to each other.